Review Article

Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Systemic Review

Hassan Naji
Purdue University Northwest, USA
* Corresponding author
DOI icon 10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.4.1378

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Submitted 2022-05-30
Published 2022-08-16

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Article Main Content

The sequelae of long-term complications of COVID-19 have been reported in many studies. These complications are almost similar in both adults and children and were observed during infection with other coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. It is observed too that these complications develop in both previously symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The symptoms of long COVID start to manifest usually after 4-12 weeks of initial onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the long run, COVID-19 affects various body parts in different ways. These majorly include respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological, inflammatory, immunological, and neurological disorders along with gastrointestinal, metabolic, renal, hepatic, and skin disorders. However, there is a lack of detailed summary of the clinical presentation and effects of long COVID in the literature. This review summarizes the current evidence of the long-term effects of COVID-19 in adults and children along with the presenting signs and symptoms in these patients. This finding highlights the need for future epidemiological studies to access the risk of long-term complications of COVID-19 in order to develop effective multi-disciplinary risk reduction and management strategies for long COVID in patients.

Keywords: COVID-19, chronic COVID-19, long-haul COVID-19, long COVID-19, ongoing COVID-19 symptoms, persistent COVID-19, post COVID-19 condition, post COVID-19 manifestations, post COVID-19 syndrome, post-acute COVID-19, post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2

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