COVID-19: Anatomy of a Pandemic



Abstract Views
604

Downloads
418

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Jul 3, 2021
Published Jul 25, 2021
10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.4.967

Abstract viewed = 604 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has more than 82% genome similarity with SARS-CoV and more than 89% similarity with two bat coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZXC21 and bat-SL-CoVZC45. The virus went and caused the most recent pandemic in human history with fatality totaling more than 3 million deaths, and cases rising up to 176 million worldwide according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In this paper, a retrospective analysis of the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 around the world are presented.

Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Orthocoronavirine, severe acute respiratory infection, acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary edema, cardiovascular diseases, multiple organ failure, COVID-19 China, COVID-19 United States, COVID-19 Canada, COVID-19 Europe, COVID-19 Russia, COVID-19 Asia, COVID-19 India, COVID-19 Africa

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Li, B., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Yang, X.-L., Anderson, D. E., Shi, Z.-L., Zhou, P. (2020). Discovery of Bat Coronaviruses through Surveillance and Probe Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing. American Society for Microbiology, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00807-19.
     Google Scholar
  2. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
     Google Scholar
  3. Chen, L., Li, X., Chen, M., Feng, Y., & Xiong, C. (2020). The ACE2 expression in human heart indicates new potential mechanism of heart injury among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cardiovascular Research, 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa078.
     Google Scholar
  4. Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., … Zhang, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet, 6736(20), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
     Google Scholar
  5. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., … Tan, W. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001017.
     Google Scholar
  6. Zheng, J. (2020). SARS-coV-2: An emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1678–1685. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053.
     Google Scholar
  7. Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., … Ziebuhr, J. (2020). The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nature Microbiology, 5(4), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
     Google Scholar
  8. Cook, M. J., Dri, G. G., Logan, P., Tan, J. Bin, & Flahault, A. (2020). COVID-19 down under: Australia’s initial pandemic experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238939.
     Google Scholar
  9. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China : a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
     Google Scholar
  10. Korber, B., Fischer, W. M., Gnanakaran, S., Yoon, H., Theiler, J., Abfalterer, W., … Montefiori, D. C. (2020). Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus. Cell, 182(4), 812-827.e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043.
     Google Scholar
  11. Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., … Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.
     Google Scholar
  12. Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., … Zhong, N. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974.
     Google Scholar
  13. Madjid, M., Safavi-Naeini, P., Solomon, S. D., & Vardeny, O. (2020). Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiology, 10, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286.
     Google Scholar
  14. Jin, Y., Yang, H., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., & Duan, G. (2020). Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, 4(5), 955–967. https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118446.
     Google Scholar
  15. Joob, B., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2020). COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand. (January), 2020–2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.016.
     Google Scholar
  16. Marome, W., & Shaw, R. (2021). COVID-19 response in Thailand and its implications on future preparedness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031089.
     Google Scholar
  17. Hashim, J. H., Adman, M. A., Hashim, Z., Mohd Radi, M. F., & Kwan, S. C. (2021). COVID-19 Epidemic in Malaysia: Epidemic Progression, Challenges, and Response. Frontiers in public health, 9, 560592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.560592.
     Google Scholar
  18. Caly, L., Druce, J., Roberts, J., Bond, K., Tran, T., Kostecki, R., … Catton, M. G. (2020). Isolation and rapid sharing of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from the first patient diagnosed with COVID-19 in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 212(10), 459–462. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50569.
     Google Scholar
  19. Baker, M. G., Wilson, N., & Anglemyer, A. (2020). Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand. The New England journal of medicine, 383(8), e56. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2025203.
     Google Scholar
  20. Ministry of Health NZ (2021). COVID-19: News and Update. https://www.health.govt.nz/news-media/media-releases.
     Google Scholar
  21. Ghosh, A., Nundy, S., & Mallick, T. K. (2020). How India is dealing with COVID-19 pandemic. Sensors International, 1(July), 100021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100021.
     Google Scholar
  22. Ghosh, K., Sengupta, N., Manna, D., & De, S. K. (2020). Inter-state transmission potential and vulnerability of COVID-19 in India. Progress in Disaster Science, 7, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100114.
     Google Scholar
  23. Mallapaty, S. (2021). India’s massive COVID surge puzzles scientist. Na, 592, 667–668. https://doi.org/10.12968/prma.2021.31.4.8.
     Google Scholar
  24. Gaye, B., Khoury, S., Cene, C. W., Kingue, S., N’Guetta, R., Lassale, C., … Jouven, X. (2020). COVID-19 in Africa: the spread and response. Nature Medicine, 26(7), 996–1003. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0960-y.
     Google Scholar
  25. Lone, S. A., & Ahmad, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic – an African perspective. 9, 1300–1308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1775132.
     Google Scholar
  26. Pereira, F., Tosta, S., Lima, M. M., Reboredo de Oliveira da Silva, L., Nardy, V. B., Gómez, M. K. A., … Leal, A. (2021). Genomic surveillance activities unveil the introduction of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.525 variant of interest in Brazil: Case report. Journal of Medical Virology, (April), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27086.
     Google Scholar
  27. Ghosh, D., Jonathan, A., & Mersha, T. B. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: The African Paradox. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020348.
     Google Scholar
  28. Stoecklin, S. B., Rolland, P., Silue, Y., Mailles, A., Campese, C., Simondon, A., … Levy-Bruhl, D. (2020). First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: Surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094.
     Google Scholar
  29. Steffens, I. (2020). Editorial A hundred days into the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Eurosurveillance, 25(14), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.14.2000550.
     Google Scholar
  30. Fontanet, A., Tondeur, L., Grant, R., Temmam, S., Madec, Y., Bigot, T., … Hoen, B. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools in a northern French city: A retrospective serological cohort study in an area of high transmission, France, January to April 2020. Eurosurveillance, 26(15), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.15.2001695.
     Google Scholar
  31. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2020). Detection of new SARS-CoV-2 variants related to mink. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020.
     Google Scholar
  32. Komissarov, A. B., Safina, K. R., Garushyants, S. K., Fadeev, A. V., Sergeeva, M. V., Ivanova, A. A., … Bazykin, G. A. (2021). Genomic epidemiology of the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Russia. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20880-z.
     Google Scholar
  33. Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., … Pillai, S. K. (2020). First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001191.
     Google Scholar
  34. Bergquist, S., Otten, T., & Sarich, N. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. (January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.007.
     Google Scholar
  35. Marchand-Senécal, X., Kozak, R., Mubareka, S., Salt, N., Gubbay, J. B., Eshaghi, A., … Leis, J. A. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons Applied from SARS-CoV-1. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(16), 2207–2210. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa227.
     Google Scholar
  36. Detsky & Bogoch (2020). COVID-19 in Canada. JAMA, 324(8), 743-744. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14033.
     Google Scholar
  37. Burki T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 20(5), 547–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0.
     Google Scholar
  38. Martinez-Valle A. (2021). Public health matters: why is Latin America struggling in addressing the pandemic?. Journal of public health policy, 42(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00269-4.
     Google Scholar
  39. Chakraborty, C., Bhattacharya, M., Sharma, A. R., Lee, S. S., & Agoramoorthy, G. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Brazil variants in Latin America: More serious research urgently needed on public health and vaccine protection. Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 66, 102428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102428.
     Google Scholar