Research Article

Prevalence of Obesity and Impact of Menopause on It among Women of Rural Area of Punjab, Pakistan

Somia Bibi
Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan
Tayyab Mumtaz Khan
Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan
* Corresponding author
Waqas Mehmood Zafar
Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan
Muhmmad Junaid Umer
Rawalpindi Medical University, Pakistan
Umama Fatima Iqbal
The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Muhmmad Awais Maqsood
Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Pakistan
Shahrukh Khan
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
Shafaq Khalil
The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Madeeha Mumtaz
Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan
DOI icon 10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.682

Read Counter
1650

Downloads
800

Citations

Share

Article Sidebar

Submitted 2021-01-19
Published 2021-01-31

Read counter = 1650 times

Table of Contents

Article Main Content

Obesity is one of the major health public problems and it not only leads to serious and chronic diseases but also causes poor mental health. Although it is affected by number of factors including food, gender, socioeconomic status, and genetics but menopause is important in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was set to assess the prevalence of obesity and impact of menopause on it among women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was completed in about 3 months from August 2020 to October 2020 in a rural area of Punjab, Pakistan. 189 women were enrolled in our study according to agreed criteria of exclusion and inclusion. Women whose age was above 28 years and up to 58 years and who either had regular menstrual cycles or had cessation of menses from at least one last year were selected for study while women who either had irregular menstrual cycles or who were not willing to participate were excluded from study. Collection of data was accomplished via one self-structured proforma and WHO Classification of Weight Status which is based on BMI was also applied. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS version 25. Multiple statistical tests including Chi-square test, Independent Sample t-test, and One-Way ANOVA test were used to assess the study variables. Overall, our current study shows high prevalence (29.6%) of obesity among women, however, mean of BMI value was higher among postmenopausal women (27.53 SD of ±4.28) in comparison with premenopausal women (25.44 with SD of ±4.05) which means that postmenopausal women had higher risk of development of Obesity in comparison with premenopausal women. The association between obesity and menopause was statistically significant (p=0.0001). The difference of BMI mean value between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women was significant statistically (p=0.001). Significance difference was also noted in BMI mean value of across four grades of weight status (p=0.000). In a nutshell, overall prevalence of obesity is high among women and its even higher among postmenopausal women in comparison to premenopausal women which means menopause increases the obesity among women after menopause but process of development is so far vague.

Keywords: Prevalence, Obesity, Impact, Menopause, Women, Rural area, Punjab, Pakistan.

References

  1. Aslam M, Saeed A, Pasha GR, Altaf S. Gender differences of body mass index in adults of Pakistan: A case study of Multan city. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2010;9(2):162-6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  2. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Jama. 2001 Sep 12;286(10):1195-200.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  3. Zohoori N, Mroz TA, Popkin B, Glinskaya E, Lokshin M, Mancini D, Kozyreva P, Kosolapov M, Swafford M. Monitoring the economic transition in the Russian Federation and its implications for the demographic crisis—the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. World Development. 1998 Nov 1;26(11):1977-93.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  4. Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Faeh D, Santos-Eggimann B. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries. Preventive medicine. 2007 May 1;44(5):442-6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  5. El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS. Prevalence of obesity in the Saudi population. Annals of Saudi medicine. 1997 May;17(3):302-6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  6. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Vasan RS. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 Aug 1;347(5):305-13.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  7. Aneja A, El-Atat F, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Hypertension and obesity. Recent progress in hormone research. 2004 Jan 1;59:169-205.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  8. Jahangir E, De Schutter A, Lavie CJ. The relationship between obesity and coronary artery disease. Translational Research. 2014 Oct 1;164(4):336-44.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  9. Hartz AJ, Rupley Jr DC, Kalkhoff RD, Rimm AA. Relationship of obesity to diabetes: influence of obesity level and body fat distribution. Preventive medicine. 1983 Mar 1;12(2):351-7
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  10. Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WP. Handbook of Obesity. New York, Basel, Hongkong.
     Google Scholar
  11. Nestle M, Jacobson MF. Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public health reports. 2000 Jan;115(1):12.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  12. Ferris M, Hogan SL, Chin H, Shoham DA, Gipson DS, Gibson K, Yilmaz S, Falk RJ, Jennette JC. Obesity, albuminuria, and urinalysis findings in US young adults from the Add Health Wave III study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2007 Nov 1;2(6):1207-14.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  13. Kang C, LeRoith D, Gallagher EJ. Diabetes, obesity, and breast cancer. Endocrinology. 2018 Nov;159(11):3801-12.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  14. Garcia G, Sunil TS, Hinojosa P. The fast food and obesity link: consumption patterns and severity of obesity. Obesity surgery. 2012 May 1;22(5):810-8
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  15. Martin KS, Ferris AM. Food insecurity and gender are risk factors for obesity. Journal of nutrition education and behavior. 2007 Jan 1;39(1):31-
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  16. Garawi F, Devries K, Thorogood N, Uauy R. Global differences between women and men in the prevalence of obesity: is there an association with gender inequality?. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2014 Oct;68(10):1101-6.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  17. Bouchard C, Depres JP, Tremblay A. Exercise and obesity. Obesity research. 1993 Mar;1(2):133-47.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  18. Martínez-González MÁ, Martinez JA, Hu FB, Gibney MJ, Kearney J. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. International journal of obesity. 1999 Nov;23(11):1192-201
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  19. Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Environmental and genetic risk factors in obesity. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2009 Jan 1;18(1):83-94.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  20. Bhurosy T, Jeewon R. Food habits, socioeconomic status and body mass index among premenopausal and post‐menopausal women in M auritius. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013 Jul;26:114-22.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  21. Khokhar KK, Kaur G, Sidhu S. Prevalence of obesity in working premenopausal and postmenopausal women of Jalandhar District, Punjab. Journal of Human Ecology. 2010 Jan 1;29(1):57-62.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  22. de Paz IP, Hernando CA, Roldán JO. Obesity and menopause. Nutricion hospitalaria. 2006;21(6):633-7.
     Google Scholar
  23. Lizcano F, Guzmán G. Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause. BioMed research international. 2014 Oct;2014.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  24. Lovejoy JC. The menopause and obesity. Primary Care. 2003 Jun 1;30(2):317-25.
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  25. Sharma S, Bakshi R, Tandon VR, Mahajan A. Postmenopausal obesity. Climacteric. 2007;10(1):19-24.
     Google Scholar


Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2