Cytokine Storm of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus that Causes COVID-19



Abstract Views
823

Downloads
621

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Apr 27, 2020
Published May 11, 2020
10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.3.245

Abstract viewed = 823 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has spread to the entire globe and is a public health emergency of international concern. The clinical picture of the disease is seen to be related to previously encountered beta-coronaviruses i.e. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Most common symptoms include fever and cough and less commonly diarrhea, myalgias, nausea, sputum production. Still, other patients can present with multi-organ failure. Mortality risk is related to patient’s age and comorbidities. Laboratory and radiologic investigations are crucial for diagnosis and monitoring the prognosis of patients. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is related to pulmonary inflammation and lung damage caused by the cytokine storm induced by local infection in the lung alveolar space. The cytokine storm is evident from an increase in the amount of several cytokines like IL1B, IL6, IL7, IL8, IL9, IL10, TNF, an INFγ. At present, a proper treatment for COVID-19 is unavailable. However, supportive care is being given to patients with anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and artificial oxygen respiration. This paper focuses on the cytokine storm observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current treatment strategies for the infection.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, 2019 Novel Coronavirus, Cytokine Storm, COVID-19, Treatment, ALT, AST, Interleukin, IL, Janus Kinase, Interferon, INF, Corticosteroids, Methylprednisolone, Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate, Dexamethasone, Anakinra, Antiviral, Remdesivir, Oseltamivir, Ganciclovir, Ritonavir, Lopinavir, Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  2. Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., … Zhong, N. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  3. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  4. ICTV. (2018). Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release ICTV.
     Google Scholar
  5. Liu, F., Xu, A., Zhang, Y., Xuan, W., Yan, T., Pan, K., … Zhang, J. (2020). Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained lopinavir-combined regimen. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 4019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.013
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  6. Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet, 6736(20), 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30628-0
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  7. Tisoncik, J. R., Korth, M. J., Simmons, C. P., Farrar, J., Martin, T. R., & Katze, M. G. (2012). Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm. 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.05015-11
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  8. Wang, D., Bo, H., Chang, H. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061-1069. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  9. Xiaohua, C., Binhong, Z., Yueming, Q., Yurou, C., Jie, X., Yong, F., …Feng, L. Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely associated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.29.20029520
    DOI  |   Google Scholar
  10. Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J., Liu, H., … Wang, Y. (2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet 2600(20), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
    DOI  |   Google Scholar